In terms of refinement, which option does not qualify?

Refinement in the context of animal research focuses on methods that minimize pain, distress, and suffering while enhancing animal welfare. This can include improvements in techniques, materials, and procedures used in research that directly affect the animals involved.

The use of computer modeling software as a substitute for animal experiments does not constitute a refinement strategy, as it does not involve direct changes or enhancements to the care or treatment of live animals in research. Instead, it represents a potential alternative to reduce the use of animals altogether, which falls under the principle of replacement.

On the other hand, the other options all represent methods that improve the conditions or treatment of animals used in research. New surgical techniques that reduce tissue trauma, improved analgesics for better pain management, and bleeding techniques that lessen pain and distress all exemplify refinement because they directly enhance the animal's welfare during procedures.