To conduct official business in a meeting, a quorum of voting members must:

To conduct official business in a meeting, a quorum of voting members must be present, unless recused for conflicts. This means that if a member has a conflict of interest that necessitates their recusal, their absence does not affect the status of the quorum.

A quorum is defined as the minimum number of members required to be present to validly conduct business, and it is specified by the governing rules of the organization. In the context of IACUC meetings, having a quorum allows for decisions to be made and ensures that all members' opinions can be fairly considered, provided they do not have a conflict of interest. Therefore, if a voting member is recused due to a conflict, they do not count towards the quorum requirement, acknowledging the integrity of the decision-making process.

Being present throughout the meeting or at the beginning and during voting is not necessary for a member who is recused, as their conflict-related absence is understood and accounted for. Thus, option C accurately captures the circumstances under which a quorum can still be validly constituted.