Which of these IACUC protocol review outcomes are recognized in the USDA Animal Welfare Act Regulations and PHS Policy?

The correct choice highlights the recognized outcomes of IACUC protocol reviews as specified in both the USDA Animal Welfare Act Regulations and the Public Health Service (PHS) Policy. The terms "approve," "require modifications in (to secure approval)," and "withhold approval" accurately reflect the processes laid out by these policies.

When an IACUC reviews a protocol, it may decide to approve it outright if it meets all regulatory requirements. However, if there are specific issues that need to be addressed, the committee may require modifications for the protocol to gain approval. "Withhold approval" signifies that the protocol, in its current form, cannot proceed due to significant concerns, either on ethical grounds or due to a lack of compliance with regulations and guidelines.

This set of outcomes is critical as it guides institutions in ensuring animal welfare and scientific integrity in research involving animals. The clarity of these terms helps researchers understand the status of their proposals and the necessary steps to achieve compliance.

While the other choices may include relevant terms, they introduce inconsistencies or variations that do not align with the specified regulations. The terminology chosen in this option is aligned with the expected practices within IACUC reviews as dictated by federal guidelines.